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Easton's Bible Dictionary
(Hebrew. lebonah; Greek. libanos,
i.e., "white"), an odorous resin
imported from Arabia ( Isaiah
60:6 ; Jeremiah
6:20 ), yet also growing
in Palestine ( Canticles
4:14 ). It was one of the
ingredients in the perfume of
the sanctuary ( Exodus
30:34 ), and was used as
an accompaniment of the meat-offering
( Leviticus
2:1 ,
2:16 ; 6:15
; 24:7
). When burnt it emitted a fragrant
odour, and hence the incense
became a symbol of the Divine
name ( Malachi
1:11 ; Canticles
1:3 ) and an emblem of prayer
( Psalms
141:2 ; Luke
1:10 ; Revelation
5:8 ; 8:3
).
This frankincense, or olibanum,
used by the Jews in the temple
services is not to be confounded
with the frankincense of modern
commerce, which is an exudation
of the Norway spruce fir, the
Pinus abies. It was probably
a resin from the Indian tree
known to botanists by the name
of Boswellia serrata or thurifera,
which grows to the height of
forty feet.
Hitchcock's Dictionary of Bible
Names
(no entry)
Smith's
Bible Dictionary
A vegetable resin, brittle,
glittering, and of a bitter
taste, used for the purpose
of sacrificial fumigation. (
Exodus
30:34 - 36
) It was called frank because
of the freeness with which,
when burned, it gives forth
its odor. It burns for a long
time, with a steady flame. It
is obtained by successive incisions
in the bark of a tree called
Arbor thuris. The first incision
yields the purest and whitest
resin, while the product of
the after incisions is spotted
with yellow, and loses its whiteness
altogether as it becomes old.
The Hebrews imported their frankincense
from Arabia, ( Isaiah
60:6 ; Jeremiah
6:20 ) and more particularly
from Saba; but it is remarkable
that at present the Arabian
libanum or olibanum is a very
inferior kind, and that the
finest frankincense imported
into Turkey comes through Arabia
from the islands of the Indian
Archipelago. There can be little
doubt that the tree which produces
the Indian frankincense is the
Boswellia serrata of Roxburgh,
or Boswellia thurifera of Colebrooke,
and bears some resemblance when
young to the mountain ash. It
grows to be forty feet high.
International
Standard Bible Encyclopedia
frants'-in-sens (lebhonah, from
root meaning "whiteness," referring
to the milky color of the fresh
juice:
Exodus
30:34 ; Leviticus
2:1 , 15
; 5:11
; 6:15
; 24:7
; Numbers
5:15 ; 1
Chronicles 9:29 ; Nehemiah
13:5 , 9
; Song
of Solomon 3:6 ; 4:6
, 14
; Isaiah
43:23 ; 60:6
; 66:3
; Jeremiah
6:20 ; 17:26
; 41:5;
translated in the last six references
"incense" in the King James
Version, but correctly in the
Revised Version (British and
American); libanos: Matthew
2:11 ; Revelation
18:13. The English word
is derived from old French franc
encens, i.e. "pure incense"):
The common frankincense of the
pharmacopeas is a gum derived
from the common fir, but the
frankincense of the Jews, as
well as of the Greeks and Romans,
is a substance now called Olibanum
(from the Arabic el luban),
a product of certain trees of
the genus Boswellia (Natural
Order, Amyridaceae), growing
on the limestone rocks of south
Arabia and Somali-land (Isaiah
60:6 ; Jeremiah
6:20). The most important
species are B. Carteri and B.
Frereana. Some of the trees
grow to a considerable height
and send down their roots to
extraordinary depths. The gum
is obtained by incising the
bark, and is collected in yellowish,
semitransparent tears, readily
pulverized; it has a nauseous
taste. It is used for making
incense for burning in churches
and in Indian temples, as it
was among the Jews (Exodus
30:34).
See INCENSE.
It is often associated with
myrrh (Song
of Solomon 3:6 ; 4:6)
and with it was made an offering
to the infant Saviour (Matthew
2:11). A specially "pure"
kind, lebhonah zakkah, was presented
with the shewbread (Leviticus
24:7).
E. W. G. Masterman
 RELATED:
Gold,
Incense,
Myrrh;
Magi
and Wisemen.
Copyright
Information: "Easton's
Bible Dictionary", Matthew
George Easton M.A., D.D., 1897;
"Hitchcock's Dictionary
of Bible Names", Roswell
D. Hitchcock, 1869; "International
Standard Bible Encyclopedia",
Orr, James, M.A., D.D., 1915;
and "Smith's Bible Dictionary",
Smith, William, Dr., 1901. are
public domain and may be freely
used and distributed.
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